A Mission Statement At Sheltering Arms - 1338 Words

MISSION STATEMENT At Sheltering Arms, we believe that every child and family deserves an equal chance at happiness and future success. Our mission is to strengthen the education, well-being, and development of vulnerable children, youth, and families across the New York metro area. We serve nearly 22,000 people each year from the Bronx to Far Rockaway. Through compassion, innovation, and partnership, we respond to our community s greatest needs and enable individuals to reach the greatest heights of their potential. We have maintained an unwavering commitment to our mission since 1831. OVERVIEW The families served by Sheltering arms are from NYC s poorest communities. They are from decades of generational poverty, underperforming†¦show more content†¦The Organization create environments and opportunities where they can explore brighter futures. Through innovative curriculum and project based, hands on learning, students gain the skills they need to overcome barriers and achieve success at the highest levels. Youth Development The organization encourages teens to discover interests and develop their talents regardless of the barriers to success for youth coming of age in impoverished or high crime neighborhood. Connecting youths to positive role models, cultivating their skills and interest and creating opportunities for them to shine positions them for success as healthy adults, strong leaders and active citizens. The components through which this is achieved is through the Juvenile Justice Reform and Preparing youth for Adulthood. The Juvenile Justice program utilizes non-traditional solutions to meet the city’s need for comprehensive and effective rehabilitation. Preparing Youth for Adulthood through partnership with skilled mentors, inspiring role models and Colleges closed the gaps left by past abuse and neglect. This helps to restore self- esteem that that fuels hard work, personal development and success. Health and Wellbeing The health and wellbeing division is comprised of the Developmentally Disabled, Family support Services and Foster care and Adoption. The developmentally Disabled program forShow MoreRelatedMission in Burundi: South Africas Voice of Solidarity2481 Words   |  10 PagesCourse: The South in World Politics: a Parallel World in the Making? Mission in Burundi: South Africa’s voice of solidarity INTRODUCTION In 1993 Nelson Mandela defined the issue of human rights, respect for diversity, cooperation in regional construction, infrastructure and resource development projects, concerns and interest of the continent of Africa to be the pillars of the foreign policy of South Africa (Mandela 1993). The essay will define what mediation is, what the peace process phasesRead MoreFaithful Citizenship10006 Words   |  41 Pages These challenges are at the heart of public life and at the center of the pursuit of the common good.1 3. For many years, we bishops of the United States have sought to share Catholic teaching on political life. We have done so in a series of statements issued every four years focused on â€Å"political responsibility† or â€Å"faithful citizenship.† In this document we continue that practice, maintaining continuity with what we have 1 said in the past in light of new challenges facing our nation andRead MoreThesis - Information Operations in Strategic, Operational, and Tactical Levels of War23393 Words   |  94 PagesN/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis explores the idea whether a balanced systematic approach is a better way to integrateRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages(1914) consists of Addenda to IboEnglish dictionary; apart from corrections to Part II, this volume adds a large amount of material from the Asaba dialect. In general, Thomass material is extensive, but inadequately transcribed and analysed. The CMS mission at Onitsha undertook the collection of a considerable amount of lexical material. Several copies of a typescript Ibo-English dictionary, edited by T.J. Dennis, are in existence (one is in the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies,

Urban Zones Of The Nineteenth Century - 1239 Words

As American towns industrialized all through the nineteenth century, irresistible ailments developed as a genuine danger. The presentation of new workers and the development of vast urban zones permitted already confined sicknesses to spread rapidly and contaminate bigger populations. Consider as industrialization occurred, towns developed into cities, and people relocated to them. The expanded interest for shoddy lodging by urban vagrants prompted ineffectively assembled homes that poorly accommodated individual cleanliness. Outside laborers in the nineteenth century frequently lived in cramped dwellings that consistently lacked fundamental comforts, for example, running water, ventilation, and toilets. These conditions were perfect for†¦show more content†¦It was amid this time numerous Britons, Germans, and those of Scandinavian descent the Atlantic and arrived in America. These settlers were commonly English – speaking. Protestant or Jewish—with the except ion of the Irish Catholics—and could mix decently effectively into American culture. New foreigners, did not converge into American society as effortlessly; rather, they confronted an assortment of battles that will be talked about later on in the article. For old Irish outsiders, America was a land of new opportunities. Particularly in country groups, Irish migrants were, for the most part, welcomed and they found jobs easily. A book written in 1870s by an Irish-Catholic minister empowered Irish movement by sharing the simplicity of getting land and going in the United States: 1From Chicago and St. Louis to New York, it now takes under two days in time and not more than a quarter century in cash; and from San Francisco, the outing is made in six or seven days, at an average cost of around one hundred and fifty dollars. The induction is plain that the displaced person of today has numerous favorable circumstances over his antecedent of a few years back. Yet, the points of interest here implied are piddling when contrasted and the expanded offices of acquiring great and shoddy area in each State and Domain of the Union. German

Introduction to Internet Addiction Free Essays

Introduction to Internet Addiction Ten years ago, the only people who spent a majority of their leisure time on the computer were paid members of the technology industry. Today, however, surfing the Web has become a pastime as social and marketable as bar hopping or going to the movies. As the web has become a part of mainstream life, some mental health professionals have noted that a percentage of people using the web do so in a compulsive and out-of-control manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Internet Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now In one extreme (1997)  Cincinnati case, unemployed mother Sandra Hacker allegedly spent over 12 hours a day secluded from her three young and neglected children while she surfed the Web. For better or for worse, this phenomena of compulsive Internet use has been termed ‘Internet Addiction’ based on its superficial similarity to common addictions such as smoking, drinking, and gambling. Internet Addiction has even been championed as an actual disorder, notably by psychologists Kimberly Young, Ph. D and David Greenfield, Ph. D.. However, at this time the true nature of Internet Addiction is not yet determined. In a true addiction, a person becomes compulsively dependent upon a particular kind of stimulation to the point where obtaining a steady supply of that stimulation becomes the sole and central focus of their lives. The addict increasingly neglects his work duties, relationships and ultimately even his health in his drive to remain stimulated. In some cases of addiction (such as addiction to alcohol or to heroin), a phenomenon known as tolerance occurs, wherein more and more stimulation is required to produce the same pleasurable effect. A related phenomena, withdrawal, can also occur, wherein the addicted person comes to be dependent upon their source of stimulation and experiences dramatically unpleasant (and even potentially lethal — as can be the case with alcohol) reactions when he goes without it. Sources of addictive stimulation can be chemical (as is the case with addictive drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, nicotine and heroin), sensual (as in sex) or even informational (as in gambling or workaholism). What all sources of addictive stimulation have in common is that they provoke a strong, usually positive (at first) reaction in the potential addict, who then seeks out the source of that stimulation so as to obtain that feeling on a regular basis. While many people like to engage in sexual relations, or gamble, or have the occasionally drink because of the pleasure to be had, clearly not all people who do so are addicts. Rather, the term ddiction only applies when someone’s stimulation seeking gets to the point where it starts interfering with their ability to function normally and non-neglectfully at work and in relationships. Mental health professionals are split as to whether or not Internet addiction is real. No one disputes that some people use the Internet in a compulsive manner even to a point where it interferes with their their ability to function at work and in social relationships. What is disputed is whether people can become addicted to the Internet itself, or ra ther to the stimulation and information that the web provides. The controversy surrounding Internet Addiction is precisely whether people become addicted to the net itself, or to the stimulation to be had via the net (such as online gambling, pornography or even simple communication with others via chat and bulletin boards). Some psychologists do not believe in addiction to the Internet itself, but rather in addiction to stimulation that the Internet provides. They suggests that new Internet users often show an initial infatuation with the novelty of the Web, but eventually lose interest and decrease their time spent online back to a normal, healthy amount. Those users who do go on to show compulsive Internet utilization, for the most part become compulsive only with regard to particular types of information to be had online, most often gambling, pornography, chat room or shopping sites. This is not an addiction to the Internet itself, but rather to risk-taking, sex, socializing or shopping. In essence then, the chief addictive characteristic of the Internet is its ability to enable instant and relatively anonymous social stimulation. Addicted† Internet users are addicted to a favored kind of social stimulation and not to the Internet itself, although it is also true that the Internet has made it vastly easier and more convenient for someone to develop such a compulsion. Because the Internet is used by many people as a normal part of their career or education, knowing how to separate excessive from normal use becomes difficult and cannot be accomplished using simple measures such as amount of time spent online in a given period. M ost fundamental in differentiating normal from problem Internet use is the experience of compulsion to use the net. Normal users, no matter how heavy their usage, do not  need  to get online and do not neglect their occupational duties or their relationships with family and friends to get online. Help for Internet related addiction is available from multiple sources. Anyone concerned about serious problem Internet usage should consider consulting with a local licensed psychologist, social worker or counselor, specifically one with experience treating addictions. Cognitive therapy based approaches are recommendable due to their systematic and direct focus on reducing problem use and preventing relapse, and the strong scientific support for the approach. Marital and or family therapy approaches may be useful as well when an individual’s Internet Addiction is affecting their larger family system (such as might be the case when a husband uses Internet-based pornography as his sole sexual outlet, leaving his wife frozen out). More than a few books and self-help resources (such as audio tape sets) are also available for those who want to educate themselves on the problem. Our Internet Addiction Treatment article provides further detail. How to cite Introduction to Internet Addiction, Essay examples

Demand and Supply of Oil in Australia Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply of a Product of your Choice and Factors that affect the Demand and Supply sides of the Market. Answer: Introduction Oil demand and supply is has a close relationship with its price (Carollo, 2012). This paper shall consider the various theories that determine the price of a commodity. Australia is one of the biggest importer of oil. Thus, it can be argued that holding all other impacts constant, it has benefited from the fall in oil prices. Where the importing economies have greatly benefited, losses has accumulate to the exporting firms. The paper will provide insights on whether in future the oil prices will be lower or high. It has been argued that the world supply of oil has been very high in the past 3 years. However, the growth in demand is at a lower rate. The paper shall consider the action that could possibly make the oil price rise to at least a fair level. This study will be useful to the oil producing economies as it will help them predict the future of their operations. It will create awareness on the government to understand the risks facing its oil producing and refining companies a nd initiate actions that would prevent them from closing down. Recommendations provided may be used by the government in choosing its policies. Article Analysis The article under analysis is Why do oil prices keep goingdown? by Arak and Tschinkel (2016). The article highlighted that there is a great oversupply of oil from US and the OPEC economies (McGrath, 2015). Although the price have been too low, none of the major producers is agreeing to cut its production with the intention of pushing up the prices. If the oversupply continues, many economies will not be able to stand making huge losses and will opt to terminate their production. Many exporting countries have been greatly hit by the price slump. Low oil prices have negatively affected the global stock markets; many stocks were recorded to fall as a result (Herron and Burger, 2016). The price of oil in 2016 was at the all-lowest level for 12 years. Arak and Tschinkel (2016) noted that a year earlier (reference year 2016), the price per a barrel of oil was selling at more than $ 100, but in 2016 it sold for only $ 27. This is a greatest price cut ever. Since cutting of production by US and the OPEC economies wasnt agreed upon, this situation was expected to become even worse. The behavior of the oil market is contrary to what economics suggests it should be. The prices are too low but the producers are still increasing their supply and the demand is weak (Lannin, 2015). Generally, it is expected that a lower price would discourage supply. This therefore makes the oil market to be related to the oligopoly market structure. In this market, the action of every supplier is interdependent such that one suppliers decision affect all the others. In this market, increasing the price of output in not a common strategy; the other producers always fail to raise their price and hence the supplier with the high price loses its market share. But when price is cut, every other supplier cuts own price so as to ensure that the initial market share is not lost to the leading supplier. The rise in oil supplier at very low prices indicates that the producers are competing in terms of quantity. Even at very low prices, the biggest producers are able to make some profits since they have economies of scale. At the beginning of 2016, the demand for oil was lower than two million barrels in a day. The article noted that demand was expected to shrink further even after the supply continued surging. The fall in prices has resulted in Australia cutting its production and depending more on importation (Vivoda, 2012 and Frydenberg, 2016). Graph: Australian crude oil production Source: Tradingeconomics.com (2017) Initially the production level was very high but has kept falling with time. This means that demand for oil in Australia is satisfied through huge importation. The trend for 10 years is falling. This has contributed to loss of self-sufficiency. Graph: Australia oil self-sufficiency Source: Queensland Energy Resources (2013) The decline is production from 2008 to 2030 was from projected to be from 183 million barrels to 83 million barrels. For the same period, it was also projected that demand will grow from 341 to 474 million barrels. Queensland Energy Resources (2013) noted that in 2013 the level of oil importation in Australia was 158 million barrels and projected that this is going to increase to 335 million barrels by 2030. High importation will be very costly. Compared to the projected production level, Australia will be producing less than a quarter of what it will be importing. The supply gap is as shown below. Fig: Production and consumption of oil in Australia Source: Vivoda (2012) Although the prices of oil has decreased, it hasnt contributed to a high influence on the quantity demanded. The reason is that oil demand is inelastic to price changes. Oil price rise would only be achieved if a production cut is agreed by the OPEC economies. Recommendations The economics situation of low oil price is very attractive to the Australian economy since its an importer, however, the situation probably wont last for long. Some years to come, the oil price might get back to normal high prices. So the idea of neglecting production and increasing overdependence on importation is a bad idea for the Australian economy. The government should focus on improving its production level since this is the only quantity it has complete control on. This could be achieved through ensuring that the production costs are maintained at lower levels especially this period of low oil prices. This is to make sure that their profit margins are not greatly impacted owing to high production costs. For price to go up, the US and OPEC should agree to cut the level of their production. Conclusion The price of oil in Australia is influenced by the global demand and oil supply. Though the prices are too low on world assessment, the Australian oil price is higher. This is because, there is no oversupply of oil in Australia. The economy is importing quantity level that the Australian production cannot meet. Importation taxes and shipping costs is what causing the prices to remain higher. The reliance on importation will be dangerous to the Australian economy in the period to come. Since its projected that quantity produced will fall in years, the costs of importation will greatly rise. Action should be taken now before the situation worsens. References Arak, M. and Tschinkel, S. (2016). Why do oil prices keep going down? [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/why-do-oil-prices-keep-going-down-53424 [Accessed 23 Apr. 2017]. Carollo, S. (2012). Understanding oil prices: a guide to what drives the price of oil in today's markets. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Frydenberg, J. (2016). Oil slump means we must boost productivity. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/oil-industry-slump-means-australia-has-to-boost-productivity-20160228-gn5j8c [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Herron, J. and Burger, D. (2016). U.S. Stocks Close Lower After Late-Day Rally. [Online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-19/asian-stock-outlook-mixed-after-u-s-equities-dip-to-august-lows [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Lannin, S. (2015). Oil price falls below US$50 because of oversupply and weak demand. [Online] Abc.net.au. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2014/s4158070.htm [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. McGrath, P. (2015). Oil price tipped to remain depressed to but petrol prices on the rise. [Online] Abc.net.au. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4177367.htm [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Queensland Energy Resources (2017). Australia's oil supply and demand | Queensland Energy Resources. [Online] Qer.com.au. Available at: https://www.qer.com.au/understanding/need-new-fuels/australias-oil-supply-and-demand [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Tradingeconomics.com. (2017). Australia Crude Oil Production |1994-2017 |Data |Chart |Calendar. [Online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/crude-oil-production [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Vivoda, V. (2012). Australias growing oil imports are an energy security issue. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/australias-growing-oil-imports-are-an-energy-security-issue-7749 [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017].

We Are Our Mothers Daughters Essays (379 words) - Cokie Roberts

We Are Our Mothers Daughters News correspondent Cokie Roberts, author of a meaningful book titled We are Our Mothers' Daughters, published in 1998, call number 001-170, discusses significant issues facing women today in her book. She takes her readers on a personal and political journey, exploring the diverse roles women have played throughout American history and the connections and distinctions among different generations of women. On a personal level, each essay is an introduction to several of the fascination women Roberts has encountered during the course of her reporting career; she also relates powerful and moving life stories about the women in her life, like her mother former Congresswoman Lindy Boggs. Roberts style is unique. Roberts takes you through intimate stories of extraordinary women; these women become the beginning for more extensive discussions of women's position in politics, business, motherhood, and marriage, as well as other issues. Roberts examines the nature of women's roles, from mother to mechanic, sister to soldier, from her personal experience. Roberts is very sincere to her feelings in her writing in this book. I felt just as she was happy or sad. She begins her writing with the intense story of her sister, whom dies from cancer at a young age. The story of her mothers life as a politician next. Roberts also, wrote about an aunt of hers, a soldier, mechanic, friend, reporter, civil rights activist, wife, and an enterpriser. She concludes her book by her last chapter titled A Women's Place. She discusses all the important roles of the women she wrote about and how they tie together. A women's place is everywhere and anywhere in today's world. She worked her writing by writing about the women that were close to her and extended from there to other fascinating women she encountered in her career. Roberts dedicated a chapter to each women she wrote about. This book from my view is sensitive, strait forward, and perceptive. It also shows such a diversity of choices and perspectives available to women today and greatly affirms the bond of females powerful inter connection among all women, whatever their background. I would suggest anyone interested in where a women belong and the history of women should read this selection. It's just one of those bookes, where from start to end you might cry or laugh. I garuntee when you begin to read, you will not want to stop till you have read the entire book.

Reconciling the surplus labor with the law of value

Reconciling the surplus labor with the law of value The law of value of a commodity refers to the total number of person-hours used in order to produce a particular good or service, under the normal working conditions, with the provision of the necessary equipment or machinery. This also takes into account the work force input, the raw materials and the tear and wear of the machinery used in production. Surplus labor is also that labor that was not a necessary input in production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reconciling the surplus labor with the law of value specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Karl Marx argued that the amount of input in the production of goods or services should be equivalent to the amount of monetary returns. Therefore, the amount of person-hours used in production and delivery of these commodities determines the value of a good or service. Marx continues to argue that capital originated from trade with the aim of making a profit. The labor ought to be equally distributed, and so were the profits from the labor. Simulating this in the economy where approximately two percent of the population control about ninety-five percent of the nation’s wealth, clearly demonstrates Marx’s argument. They insisted that all employees within a company should get an equal share of the company proceeds generated monthly. This would ensure fairness and equal distribution of resources across the entire staff and, therefore, act as an incentive for everybody to work harder and together to achieve more. Marx had a profound understanding of how capitalism cripples its own societal foundation. He anticipated a change in the current economy and the way of life. His conclusion was that capitalism would push the middle class into a situation comparable to the shaky existence of the hard-pressed workers during his time. Currently, the growth and build up of fulfilling careers are no longer a focus point for the minority alone, but rather a broader group. People have revolutionized from struggling month-to-month and living on insecure wages. They have devised a way of cushioning themselves from economic shakeups in terms of savings, owning a house and even a decent pension, which enables them to plan their lives without fear. The wealth spread across working class, and the vastness of democracy, everybody can remain middle class with contentment. The argument that labor is the sole creator of wealth was obstructed by the existing system of unequal exchanges, where the owners of the economic power and advantage appropriated part of the labor. According to Marx, the development dialectic started from man and nature where man was initially an integral part of nature.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Man being a dynamic being had the distinctive capability of struggling with and against nature of ultimate ly transforming nature for his own purpose. The clue to the labor conditions shift lay in the successive modes of production, which was characterized by division of labor, technical forms and different forms of social relations of production between human beings and classes. This historical conception applied to a particular economic system and approached the matter form an angle of production conditions. They included ownership or nonownership of the production means, and the respective effects of these factors upon the behavior of social classes. Marx placed labor as a human, productive activity and made it the foundation of explanation for the exchange significance. Theoretically, it is hard to comprehend the Karl Max law of value since he did not take into account issues like market trends, consumer spending, fluctuating value of currency, financial securities and public finance. Several pinholes from the labor theory emerge in the regulation rule between value of goods and serv ices sold and the cost of production in general. It attempts to identify the causes of the relationship between the law of value and economy, which only regards to labor as the actual tool of commodity value. It only involves the value obtained from the production and delivery of the goods or services including their trade value. All the same, each of Marx’s theories brings out a different dimension of the social reality of the contemporary world. There are systematic connections among the three dimensions, where domination and exploitation are interlinked. It is irrefutable, however, that a group of individuals remains privileged by both systems. The logic in this is that in the contemporary world, the inequalities seen in the economy currently suggest that there is exploitation of some individuals. The large proportion of the wealth created flows to a small, privileged group, which implies domination on the society by a small segment of the society commonly referred to as t he ruling elite. Marx described this situation as alienation, which in the contemporary society shows a growing sense of lack of value. It is true that capitalism relies on free labor and freedom of assets and a system of free exchange. The question of exploitation is, therefore, apparent in the privilege of ownership and production means, which gives the owners chance to set the wages at a level that permits the creation of profits and the laborer has no control over that.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reconciling the surplus labor with the law of value specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Booker T. Washington Versus W. E. B. du Boise

Booker T. Washington Versus W. E. B. du Boise Essay Booker T. Washington believed that blacks should not push to attain equal civil and political rights with whites. That it was best to concentrate on improving their economic skills and the quality of their character. The burden of improvement resting squarely on the shoulders of the black man. Eventually they would earn the respect and love of the white man, and civil and political rights would be accrued as a matter of course. This was a very non-threatening and popular idea with a lot of whites. For two decades Washington established a dominant tone of gradualism and accommodationism among blacks, only to find in the latter half of this period that the leadership was passing to more militant leaders such as W. E. B. DuBois During the four decades following reconstruction, the position of the Negro in America steadily deteriorated. The hopes and aspirations of the freedmen for full citizenship rights were shattered after the federal government betrayed the Negro and restored white supremacist control to the South. Blacks were left at the mercy of ex-slaveholders and former Confederates, as the United States government adopted a laissez-faire policy regarding the Negro problem in the South. The era of Jim Crow brought to the American Negro disfranchisement, social, educational, and occupational discrimination, mass mob violence, murder, and lynching. Under a sort of peonage, black people were deprived of their civil and human rights and reduced to a status of quasi-slavery or second-class citizenship. Strict legal segregation of public facilities in the southern states was strengthened in 1896 by the Supreme Courts decision in the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. Racists, northern and southern, proclaimed that the Negro was subhuman, barbaric, immoral, and innately inferior, physically and intellectually, to whitestotally incapable of functioning as an equal in white civilization. Between the Compromise of 1877 and the Compromise of 1895, the problem facing Negro leadership was clear: how to obtain first-class citizenship for the Negro American. How to reach this goal caused considerable debate among Negro leaders. Some advocated physical violence to force concessions from the whites. A few urged Negroes to return to Africa. The majority, however, suggested that Negroes use peaceful, democratic means to change undesirable conditions. Some black leaders encouraged Negroes to become skilled workers, hoping that if they became indispensable to the prosperity of the South, political and social rights would be granted to them. Others advocated struggle for civil rights, specifically the right to vote, on the theory that economic and social rights would follow. Most agreed that solutions would come gradually. Negro leadership near the turn of the century was divided between these two tactics for racial equality, which may be termed the economic strategy and the political strategy. The most heated controversy in Negro leadership at this time raged between two remarkable black menBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois. The major spokesman for the gradualist economic strategy was Washington. DuBois was the primary advocate of the gradualist political strategy. Washington learned the doctrine of economic advancement combined with acceptance of disfranchisement and conciliation with the white South from Armstrong. His rise to national prominence came in 1895 with a brief speech, which outlined his social philosophy and racial strategy. Washington was invited to speak before an integrated audience at the opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition held in Atlanta in September 1895. He was the first Negro ever to address such a large group of southern whites Washington is remembered chiefly for this Atlanta Compromise address. In this speech, he called on white America to provide jobs and industrial-agricultural education for Negroes. READ: Resistance To Technology EssayIn exchange, blacks would give up demands for social equality and civil rights. His message to the Negro was that political and social equality was less important as immediate goals than economic respectability and independence. Washington believed that if blacks gained an economic foothold, and proved themselves useful to whites, then civil rights and social equality would eventually be given to them. Blacks were urged to work as farmers, skilled artisans, domestic servants, and manual laborers to prove to whites that all blacks were not liars and chicken thieves. The philosophy of Washington was one of accommodation to white oppression. He advised blacks to trust the paternalism of the southern whites and accept the fact of white supremacy. He stressed the mutual interdependence of blacks and whites in the South, but said they were to remain socially separate: In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Washington counseled blacks to remain in the South, obtain a useful education, save their money, work hard, and purchase property. By doing such things, Washington believed, the Negro could ultimately earn full citizenship rights. Several Negro leaders voiced their opposition to Washingtons Atlanta Compromise with its admonition to work and wait. They could not topple Washington from power, but one of them did win recognition as a leader of the oppositionW. E. B. DuBois. DuBois was not an early opponent of Washingtons program. He enthusiastically accepted the Tuskegeeans Atlanta Compromise philosophy as sound advice. He said in 1895 that Washingtons speech was a word fitly spoken. In fact, during the late 1890s, there were several remarkable similarities in the ideas of the two men, who for a brief period found issues on which they could cooperate. Both Washington and DuBois tended to blame Negroes themselves for their condition. They both placed emphasis on self-help and moral improvement rather than on rights. Both men placed economic advancement before universal manhood suffrage. The professor and the principal were willing to accept franchise restrictions based on education and property qualifications, but not race. Both strongly believed in racial solidarity and economic cooperation, or Black Nationalism. They encouraged the development of Negro business. They agreed that the black masses should receive industrial training. The years from 1901 to 1903 were years of transition in DuBois philosophy. DuBois grew to find Washingtons program intolerable, as he became more outspoken about racial injustice and began to differ with Washington over the importance of liberal arts education when the latters emphasis on industrial education drew resources away from black liberal arts colleges. DuBois noted that Washingtons accommodating program produced little real gain for the race. Another factor that alienated DuBois from Washington was the fact that Washington and his Tuskegee Machinean intricate, nation-wide web of institutions in the black community that were conducted, dominated, and strongly influenced by Washingtonkept a dictatorial control over Negro affairs that stifled honest criticism of his policies and other efforts at Negro advancement. DuBois came to view Washington as a political boss who had too much power and used it ruthlessly to his own advantage. Although DuBois admitted that he was worthy of honor, he believed Washington was a limited and misguided leader. DuBois launched a well-reasoned, thoughtful, and unequivocal attack on Washingtons program in his classic collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, in 1903. In The Souls of Black Folk, DuBois took the position that the Black men of America have a duty to perform; a duty stern and delicatea forward movement to oppose a part of the work of their greatest leader. READ: on the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Anglo-Saxon Valu EssayIn an essay entitled, Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others, DuBois said that Washingtons accommodationist program asked blacks to give up political power, insistence on civil rights, and higher education for Negro youth. He believed that Washingtons policies had directly or indirectly resulted in three trends: the disfranchisement of the Negro, the legal creation of a distinct status of civil inferiority for the Negro, and steady withdrawal of aid from institutions for the higher training of the Negro. DuBois charged that Washingtons program tacitly accepted the alleged inferiority of the Negro. Expressing the sentiment of the radical civil rights advocates, DuBois demanded for all black citizens 1) the right to vote, 2) civic equality, and 3) the education of Negro youth according to ability. Generally, DuBois opposed Washingtons program because it was narrow in its scope and objectives, devalued the study of the liberal arts, and ignored civil, political, and social injustices and the economic exploitation of the black masses. DuBois firmly believed that persistent agitation, political action, and academic education would be the means to achieve full citizenship rights for black Americans. He stressed the necessity for liberal arts training because he believed that black leadership should come from college-trained backgrounds. DuBois philosophy of the Talented Tenth was that a college-educated elite would chart, through their knowledge, the way for economic and cultural elevation for the black masses. The NAACP was a coalition of black and white radicals which sought to remove legal barriers to full citizenship for Negroes. DuBois was one of the founding members of the organization. Both Washington and DuBois wanted the same thing for blacksfirst-class citizenshipbut their methods for obtaining it differed. Because of the interest in immediate goals contained in Washingtons economic approach, whites did not realize that he anticipated the complete acceptance and integration of Negroes into American life. He believed blacks, starting with so little, would have to begin at the bottom and work up gradually to achieve positions of power and responsibility before they could demand equal citizenshipeven if it meant temporarily assuming a position of inferiority. DuBois understood Washingtons program, but believed that it was not the solution to the race problem. Blacks should study the liberal arts, and have the same rights as white citizens. Blacks, DuBois believed, should not have to sacrifice their constitutional rights in order to achieve a status that was already guaranteed.